Afrika 16.

Pluralizmus Afrikában

Occurrence of Nominal Plurality
Vannak nyelvek, ahol nem tesznek különbséget a szavaknál egyes és többes szám esetén. Miként a magyar nyelv sem használ többes szám jelet az anyag és gyűjtőnevek esetében. (Láb -> lábak. De liszt -> ~~lisztek~~ és vad -> ~~vadak~~.)
A "baka" nyelvben (Kamerun, Niger-Kongó) a gba= falu és a gba=falvak.
Közép-India "korku" nyelvében a többes jel hasonlít a magyarra: "szita= kutya" és "szita-ku =kutyák" illetve "koro=férfi" és a "kor-ku=férfiak".

Érdekességnek: Evenki (Nedjalkov 1997: 190)
Bi uluki-je va:-d'a-m.
I squirrel-ind.acc kill-pres-1sg.subj
‘I hunt for squirrels.’
Mókusra vadászom.

A kaukázusi lezgian nyelvben normálisan használnak plural jelzést, de nem egyeztetnek a számokkal (6 ökrök), miként a mi nyelvünkben sem. A nyugat-pakisztáni brahui nyelvben csak a határozatlan mennyiségnél nincs kitéve az -āk többes szám jel, máshol egyeztetnek. (e.g. irā bandagh(*-āk) ‘two persons’, but 'amē bīstangā bandagh-āk ‘those twenty persons’; Andronov 1980: 34-36).

Kunama szótár
dog = kutya = kucs, kucsik, sze (Másik szószedet)
banana = banán = madun
A kunama nyelvet Eritrea nyugati csücskében beszélik.

Kunama	English	Italian	English
abbara	attention/care	abbastanza	enough
ekkena	first	ecco qua/qui	here it is
imma	to tread on	gomma	tire
ukka	urine	mucca	cow

Etiópia
Ethiopia (OPers. Kûša-), Elam. ku-ša, Akk. ku-u‚-šu, was located on the western fringe of the Achaemenid Empire (cf. DPh 6 = DH 5 [Kent, Old Persian, pp. 136 and 147]). The Ethiopians (OPers. Kûšiyâ; Gr. Aithí-opes "with [sun]burnt faces") are named among the peoples of the Persian Empire (DNa 30, DSe 30, XPh 28 [Kent, Old Persian, pp. 137, 141, 151]) and are included at the end of Herodotus' satrapy list (3.97, 2f.).
Soon after Cambyses had succeeded his father Cyrus in 529 B.C.E. he led his army to the eastern borders of Egypt. The expedition against the "long-lived" Ethiopians (Herodotus, 7.17-22) was ill-prepared and hasty, however, and ended in disaster with heavy losses of manpower due to lack of food; Cambyses himself is said to have gone mad after the campaign had failed.

Egypt forum - Vanuatu
As we can see, the /b/ from Niger-Congo becomes /w/ in Egyptian. b>w is common even in Niger-Congo. In Egyptian we have wntu "people"; Kiswahili Watu/Wantu "people"; Common Bantu - bantu "people." As I shown earlier wAs.t in Egyptian is ciBanza in ciLuba. With that said, in Niger-Congo/Kongo-Saharan the ba- noun class prefix is a plural marker. It means "many, they, them, their." It is the same in Egyptian but given as -w "they, them, their." Kongo-Saharan has different plurals: ma- being another (mass nouns and liquids). Ma- is just a nasal-grade of ba-. All single letter affixes in all human languages derived from a whole word which has been reduced to a singular phoneme (in most cases). The causative "s" is just an old word for "hand, arm" (ka) which was palatalized as "s." Words for "hand/arm" are used to denote "actions of the hand, coming into being, to create, to manufacture, to begin, to cause to be, etc." I am currently writing Part II to my Ashe article and I hope to release it soon with the details.

Soul - (nép)lélek

Hebrew nepesh b3, bai RroH, laRuaH (pl.)
Syriac napsha
Arabic nafs
Ethiopian nafs
Armenian: hogi; Northern Sami: heagga; Vöro: heng' Viszont: FÖLD/earth: Korean: heuk; Baluchi: hák;

Ex: Akkadian "iishaatu = fire"; "iishataatuu = fires"

head

A hét risi meg a hét fő:
-Akkadian rEshu; Hebraic roosh, Syriac reeshaa, Arabic ra's, Ethiopian rE's.
-Egyptian tp Coptic apE apE afE
-Berber agayyu

Hausza: Kai= fej, fő. (khaya "egg", persian.)

"good"
-Akkadian Taabu; Hebraic tob, Syriac taabaa, Arabic Taab
-Egyptian nfr Coptic nofrE nofri nafri
-Berber ifulki iZil iEadel

"earth"
-Akkadian ersetu; Ugaritic ArS, Hebraic 'ereS, Syriac 'A'ra, Arabic 'arD
-Egyptian t3 Coptic to te-
-Berber akal

Kanuri fur "horse" furwa "horses"
Coptic "mouth" ro; "szájak" rOou ~rOu

Kanuri nyelv
málöm = tanár; málöwá = tanárok
fero = lány = girl; ferowa = lányok = girls
tada = fiú = boy; tadawa = fiúk = boys
Érdekesnek tűnik: "ka= pálca"; "ka-nal = pálcával"

Fogak/teeth:
Akkadian uzun; Assyrian uzan; Hebrew ‘ozen; Arabic ‘uDn; Ethiopian ‘Ezn.
Érdekes, de TYSK-land (Fogföld) istene, Odin, nagyon hasonló nevű az ‘uDn szóhoz.

A többes szám jele:
Mande plural suffix –r(i), -n(i)
Sumerian ni, a plural.
Pulaar -ni as in the word Fula-ni where -ni is "people, many, plural"
Seen also in Mangbetu "ki-re =wood" where -re is the plural.
The affix -w, and -u are used to form plural substantives, e.g.,Bambara ba 'mother' , pl. bau and Egyptian pr ‘house’, pl. prw ‘houses’.

"man" ba-ntu
"men" mu-ntu

But many class affixes became lexicalized and part of the whole phrase, cf. ndae "house" o-ndae "houses"
Afrika nyelveiben nem ritka, hogy a többes szám jele a szó elejére kerül.

Tigrinya
As in Tigre and Ge'ez (as well as Arabic), noun plurals may be formed through internal changes ("broken" plural) as well as through the addition of suffixes. For example, färäs 'horse', ’afras 'horses'.

(http://www.thefullwiki.org/List_of_English_words_of_Persian_origin) Afreet: Etymology: Arabic ifrit, probably from Persian afarida created being. a powerful evil jinni, demon, or monstrous giant in Arabic mythology.

Meroitic - Noba - Elfogták a nép királyát.
Lazlo Torok (Török László), in The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization, wrote "Since so far no bilingual text has been discovered nor any related language found, very little of Meroitic can be understood. Some linguists see a relationship between Berber and Chadic on the one hand and Meroitic, on the other. Others regard it as related to Nubian. On geographical grounds, it has been suggested that Meroitic may be related to the following language groups(in describing order of probability). Eastern Sudabic; Nilo-Saharan; Cushitic/Omotic; Kordofanian. The efforts based on such assumptions produced, however, very few results, if any. While the linguistic classification of Meroitic remains obscure, there is hardly any doubt that it was originally spoken in the northern Butana" (p.50).As you can see Meroitic has not been found to be related to Nubian, other languages in the Nilo-Saharan family ,or any other language spoken in the area.

Alma, a tudás gyümölcse: Akkadian almad ("I learned") > alammad ("I am learning")*

Nebet Het:
Akiknek sok van a rovásán. Magyar segédnépek írása. "14000 éves magyarul írt lelet, akkor keletkezett, mikor Etiópiát úgy nevezték, HÉT-JÓ-FIA. Magyar- Haboshoni (ma abesszina) rovás ábc-vel tudtam biztonsággal elolvasni."
Ez lehetett tán a "Hétruszki" nép őshazája. Valahol "Hétkapta" földje alatt, Kardhágótól keletre.

Hathor, a tehénszarvú istennő
Nevének jelentése: Hór(usz) háza. Bizonyára ebből a HAT szóból származik a finnugor HÁZ szó, miként a magyarban a BIT - MIT - MIZ - MÉZ is kialakult. Vagy fordítva.

Semitic External Masculine plural(suffixation):
-uu "nominative"
-ii/ee "genitive/accusative"

-aan "masculine"
-aat "feminine"

-aan+uu "nominative"
-aan+ii "genitive/accusative"
-uutu "nominative"
-uuti "genitive/accusative"

-m or n with or without a vowel in Northwest Semitic;

Rokonítanak

Baszkok a Kongónál
Basque "three" hi-ru, hi-ru-r is similar to Etruscan ci "three", with k > h again (+suffix). This sound change h > # is regular. Niger-Congo ki > hi is from kiti (Westermann 1927 : 288) "middle" (of the hand), which may be reduplicated to titi, kiki. Compare Avatime ku-ši "middle". The r- suffix is an old plural. Compare e-ko-bir "bones" cited above, with plural -r (< -t). For the change t > r in Togo R. see Westermann (1927 : 104). We take hirur from kitu-r. Compare Akpafu i-ru "five" with Avatime o-tu, Nyangbo i-ti, Kposso e-tu "five" for the change of t to r. A phonological parallel with Akpafu in particular. Basque "four" is lau, lau-r, Niger-Congo na "four".
Basque ume "child", Niger-Congo bi "child, Ewe vi "child", Ga ba "child", Guang obi "child", Gwa bi "small", mi "child", Kyama mi "child", Gbari ebi "child", Mussu bi "child", Edo obi "child", Avatime obi "child", Konkomba mbim "child". Trask notes that the Basque m comes from a b here, which is highly significant. Westermann (1927 : 104, 174) gives examples of b > m in Togo R., including mi > bi "child", Kposso u-mi < m-bi "faeces". Bantu has viala "to bear". Westermann (1927: 207). The Basque plural in -k is not original and can only be used after the definite article, hence the form -ak. We derive this from Niger-Congo gua/gwa "much".

Kikuyu - Basque
KIKUY "ithoni" (=source,spring)
BASQUE "iturri" (=source,spring);
KIKUW "iria" (=lake)
BASQUE "ura" (=water);
KIKUW "-anduku" (=large)
BASQUE "andi" (=large);
Hékások: (East Caucasian Nakho-Daghestani and "heka" /:man /; East Caucasian Nakho-Daghestani khvarshi "hiko" /:man/):

Plural morpheme (-k) Accusative case suffix (-k) Lexicon. (Berta, Kunama, part of Eastern Sudanic)

Nilo-saharan 1
Singular/plural n/g often it is only found in plural. n/g is found in En e.g. Surmic where in some cases possessive pronouns are in Maba and Fur are weak where there is a confusion between –k and n/g as a plural markers.

Nilo-saharan 2
Among these common features are the material correspondence of the pronominal markers of the first person singular (a) and the second person singular (i), the material correspondence of a number of other noun and verb formants, and the alternation of the apical consonants t and n in the singular with k in the plural.

Afrika szavaiból

sudan map - link egy fórumhoz. Koponyák, térképek...
The indigenous inhabitants of Nubia were Capoids (Bushmen) who were then pushed south by the Caucasoids from the Mediterranean around 14,000 - 12,000 years ago? Érdekességnek: Nehéz nyelv a magyar..

A bushmanok engem a lappokra emlékeztetnek. Csak éppen a színük más. (Kistermetű, piszeorrú nép, mint a kun.)

Lepke - Lep
Mert szép..
Burmese (Burma) lapia (PG)
Carelian (Finno-Ugric Group- former province of Finland) liippo, liipponen (JS)
Cheremissian (Finno-Ugric Group) lepe, lepene (JS)
Croatian leptir ved. vartula
Estonian (Estonia) liblikas
Hanty or Ostjak (Finno-Ugric Group Ob-Ugrian branch) lepentaj (JS)
Hungarian (Hungary) lepke pillango (pl)
Mansi (Finno-Ugric Group Ob-Ugrian branch) läpääk (JS)
Mari (Finno-Ugric Group) lepe, lepene (JS)
Roma (Gypsy language, Slovakia) lepetka (PG)
Samic (Native Lappish people in Lappland) lablok (JS)
Senegalese lupe lupe
Wolof (Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania ) lëpp-lëpp bi (SG)
Yoruba (West Afrida - Nigeria, Benin, and Togo) labalaba

Sudan pyramids
Francigny said that the tops would have been decorated with a capstone depicting either a bird or a lotus flower on top of a solar orb.

Nigeria hona
Népeiből: Kanuri, Mak, Laka, Maaka, Kutto, Marghi South, Jara, Hwana, Fali, Huba, Bata, Kaan...

Kékszemű: Ritka ugyan, de a gyapjas hajú négerek között is vannak kékszeműek.

Zimbabwe romja - érdekes szobrokat is találtak a helyszínen.

E1b1 y haplogroup
A magyarok 9,3 %-a ilyen apai vonallal rendelkezik. Ez a gén Egyiptom déli részén 50 % gyakorisággal fordul elő. Marokkóban 40 %.

Dogon
A 4 dogon nyelven "nahi" és bambara nyelven "nani". Feltehetően a "nelja" (finn 4) rokonai. A Hold/Moon ezeken a nyelveken "Ho" illetve "Kalo".

Hausa Swadesh list
child = yaro (boy), yarinya (girl) /Kili-Man-Yaro? Mai álláspont: Kilima-Ndzsaro./
wife = mata
blood =jini
breast =nono
to suck =tsotsa
sun =rana
moon =wata
lake =tabki
earth =kasa
"Ikole Aiye" means "Greeting the House of the Earth.

Hausa
kai = take (from one place to another), carry.
kâi = head
kâi = self
kâi = on top

Hausa:
Bara = servant
Barao = thief
Bawa = slave
Da = son or free-

barania = female servant
baraunia = female thief
bauya or baiwa = female slave
diya = daughter or free-

Fasces - Vesszőnyaláb
Swahili - n
chanda (vyanda) arch, finger, toe. ( - kidole.) Only in the prov. chanda na kidole. stick together ( = be in- separable like fingers or toes).

Afrika partvidékén
[Swahili Word] chanda, [Swahili Plural] vyanda
[English Word] finger, [English Plural] fingers

Bandiagara is a town located 60 kilometers east of Mopti, on the western edge of the Falaise de Bandiagara. The falaise (cliff) extends for nearly 100 kilometers and overlooks a broad valley. In the past, the cliff-dwellers (called Dogon) and the valley-dwellers have often been rivals, and the Dogon successfully resisted Islamization until the twentieth century. In 1895, following the conquest of Ségou and Timbuktu, the French stationed a military officer to Bandiagara.
Bourem is a town located on the left bank of the Niger River, 95 kilometers northwest of Gao. It is a southern terminus of the trans-Saharan piste (from Algeria) used by traffic headed towards Timbuktu.
Kayes is the town built by the French at the highest point of rainy season navigation on Senegal River. It was "founded" in 1881 when French military engineers started building a railroad from there to the Niger River at Bamako. It served as the capital of the French colony of Haut-Sénégal et Niger until 1904 and as the center of the Cercle de Kayes until independence.

Horvátok
Afrika = Morya, -e* (Moreška_krayna; Japrika, -e $)
bajta, koliba / huta = potlehÿša, -še,-ah (baràka $): hrw. hišue, perz. kolbe, arab. bayta
bor / borek = borìć, -ći < ● | macãr, -âri,-ih: hrw. maxri, akad. mehri, nostr."murch"
briga, napor = mântra, -re*
buka, šum / lárma = šušûr, -ri* <● jambũr, -ûri,-ih: perz. zambor
ČADOR (tur.-srb.): šator / celt = cêlta, -te,-lt $: hrw. šatur, akad. šattera
ČAK (tur.), dapače, itekako / páče = altrokè*
dakle /● anda = ● andà (alôra*): hetit. anda, vegl. andú
FENJER (tur.-srb.): lampa / lámpaš = feralÿć, -ìtje,-jeh > -ći
galama, vika / lárma = krišćàva, -ve,-ah (# galâma, -me)
gavran / krámpač = kavrân, ni < kaurãn, -âni,-ih: litv. gaura
gol, srb. "NAG" / goli = golÿ, -lâ,-lô (# GÔLI, -A,-O)
gospodin, -da / gospon = šjôr, -ri* <◘ misãr, misâri, -ih: akad.+ sum. misaru, prus. mistran
grab (Carpinus) / gráber = gàbar, -bri <● khabãr, kabârje, -eh: hrw. karbar
gusar, hajduk / tolvaj =● šũndar, -dre: avest. xunder
hala, dvorana = sâla, -le,-ah: ved. sala
KALAUZ (tur.-srb.): hrv. odpirač / špérhakla $ = ramandêl, -li*
kamen / menga = kamÿk < ● kôgul, -li,-ih (kôgula, -le): hrw. kogu, akad. kagalu, rsl. kamyk
kapa / beretka = berît, -ti <● bjerÿt, -ôj,-ôv: ved. bharat
kraj, svršetak / fájrunt = skonsũn, -ûni,-ih
kralj, vladar / kral = #krâlj, -i <◘ kruõl, kerôli, -ih: kurd.+ oset. keral
kukuruz /● kurúza = hamantũr, -ûri,-ih (HAMENTÛR*): sum. kuruža, ak. kurustu, bas. kuzkur
lampaš, manji svjetionik = ◘ ferâl, -li,-ih: etrur. pheri, hebr. fera (fish), egipt. far
madjarski, ugarski / vúngerski = ungarêški, -ka,-ko* (majârski, -ko)
naj- (prefiks superlativa) = ● sion- : hetit. siu, siuna
ugor, riba Conger = grũn, grûni, -nih*

Sikuli: The Ojo de Dios, or God's Eye, is a simple weaving made across two sticks and is thought to have originated with the Huichol Indians of Jalisco, Mexico. The Huichol call their God's eyes Sikuli, which means "the power to see and understand things unknown." The "Ojo de Dios" or God's Eye is an ancient symbol made by the Huichol Indians of Mexico and the Aymara Indians of Bolivia.

Ewe (Logba-English/Magyar-Ewe dict.)
afé = Pl:mfé n "comb/fésű" ayi ɖ a Man ɛ́ afé akp ɛ. I bought one comb.
ànú = n "mouth/száj" nú
átá = Pl:ntá n "hand/kéz" asi
átsìnì = Pl:ntsìnì n "scythe/kasza" ebewuhe
ayè = Pl:ayèw ɔ n "mother/anya" mama
druí = v "be red/vörös" dz ɛ
èbítí = Pl:ebít ɔ́ n "child/gyerek" ɖ evi
èví = n "sun/nap" ɣ e. Eví óbo ɔ dzá idze. The sun is hot today.
ití = n "soil/talaj" eké
I ʋ ì = n "Ewe language/Ewe nyelv" E ʋ egbe

Malagas
tso-fa = fűrészpor

Temein nyelv
father = ápá = apa
Keiga Jirru nyelv: foot, leg = álluk = láb
Tese nyelv: maize = merigääri = kukorica

Bantu rosetta kő
Ancient Egyptian: mrw bulls
Kiswahili-Bantu: Mori-wao (collective)
The collective in -t are written as plural strokes. A "t" a női nyelv jelölője is. A Kiswahili-Bantu nyelv chaa szava istállót, zárt területet, karámot jelent. Az óegyiptomi kígyó is "chaa"-hoz hasonló hangzású volt. A bambara nyelvben ez már "koron". De hát a korona is csak egy kör: kelet-iráni nyelvekben "tai". A Luvale-Bantu nyelv szava a kutyára ka-wa, amely szinte kuvasz. Ki-Kamba-Bantu: Syua, Siua = the Sun. Az egyiptomiban "mw" a víz. A távol-keleti orok nyelvben szintén "mu" a víz.

Sződd a selymet elvtárs!
Old English siwian "to stitch, sew, mend, patch, knit together," earlier siowian, from Proto-Germanic *siwjanan (cf. Old Norse syja, Swedish sy, Danish sye, Old Frisian sia, Old High German siuwan, Gothic siujan "to sew"), from PIE root *syu- "to bind, sew" (cf. Sanskrit sivyati "sews," sutram "thread, string;" Greek hymen "thin skin, membrane," hymnos "song;" Latin suere "to sew, sew together;" Old Church Slavonic šijo "to sew," šivu "seam;" Lettish siuviu, siuti "to sew," siuvikis "tailor;" Russian švec "tailor").

Malawi - Chichewa
secret\secrets = chinsinsi\zinsinsi = The secret of the witch.-> Chinsinsi cha mfiti. The secrets of the witches = Zinsinsi za mfiti.

A fulani nyelvre asszociálva:
red: hula'an uLa:N, ush'an; Dongxian xulan; Baoan fulaN; Daur hulän, xulän hula-rin folg'ä: felegiaN < fulg'an < fulagian

Wandal
Muller-Kosack (1996) informs us of a well established oral tradition in the Gwoza Hills, which connects the Wandala with the so-called Tur tradition. According to this tradition, Wandala Mbra was one of the sons of Mbra of Turu.
The two main Mandara towns are Kerawa on the northernwestern and Mora on the northerneastern edge of the Gwoza Hills. The Mandara live also in Mozogo and Koza (where they mix with Mafa) and in Ashigashia (where they mix with Mafa and Glavda)
J. Lukas (1937:115ff) informs us that the Kanuri say Mandara, while the Mandara call themselves Wandala. /Mandar (also Andian, Manjar, Mandharsche) is an Austronesian language spoken by the group ethnic Mandar living in West Sulawesi province, Indonesia/. Orr/Nose=Shin. Nyelvi kapcsolatot nem látok felénk.

The word "Zanzibar" probably derives from the Persian ??????, Zangi-bar ("coast of the blacks"). However, the name could also have been derived from the Arabic Zayn Z'al Barr ("fair is this land").
As for the ?? mentioned in ????, meaning "black", probbly shows that the Zanzibar means coast of the blacks.

Szószedet
Nama khoib "man," khois "woman," Khois-An?
Yoruba: Kiniún (Panthera leo)
Bantu
hand = oxcol

Nyugat-Afrika
Somrai számok: Nancere: pena, sue, sab, peri, bai, 7=madal..
'blood': kubera m., cf. PC b-r- (Newman/Ma 5; cf. also Greensberg 9). This item has a k- prefix in Nancere which appears in a number of instances without any known function, e.g. also in 'water' and 'moon'.
'moon': kedere, cf. PC t-r- (Newman/Ma 66; cf. also Greensberg 50). This word has a k- prefix in the languages of the Nancere Group. Compare 'blood'. A víz/water: Kaba: käma; Gabri: kama, kam, kang

Haladjunk!
Proto-EChadic: *Hal-
Afroasiatic etymology: Finnugor etymology
Meaning: 'go'
Bércre hág és völgybe száll...:
Proto-EChadic: *hag-
Afroasiatic etymology: Finnugor etymology
Meaning: 1 'climb', 2 'lift'
A "bérc" (birc) szavunk a Kaukázusban tűnik fel. "berz Adj. hoch."

Helynevek
Many place-names in the Maghrib are formed from this word or its derivatives. In some dialects 'iss' is pronounced 'isk', plural: 'iskawen'.
Ifrane—plural of "ifri" meaning 'cavern'.
The sibongo or clan name Dlamini (Dhlamini) is actually the name of the clan which rules Swaziland.

Kivándorlók?

Winters: - dravida rokonság

English	Dravidian	Manding
woman	asa	musa
fire	ti	ta
English	Dravidian	Szomáli
horse	pari	faras-ka

Winters
The NC (Niger-Congo) population cultivated millet from Saharan Africa to South India. Phylogenetically the NC mtDNA haplogroups include L1,L2,L3, U5, L3(M,N). The y-Chromosome haplotypes associated with the NC population were A,B, E1b1a, E1b1b, E2, E3a and R1. A major finding was that the Atlantic, Mande and Dravidian languages of India, form a new NC Subfamily we can designate Indo-African.
The languages have similar syntax Hattic le fil 'his house'; Mande a falu 'his father's house'. This suggest that the first Anatolians were Kushites, a view supported by the Hattic name for themselves: Kashka.

Nyelvészeink felvetették, hogy a finnugor nyelvek rokonságban állnak az altáji és a dravida nyelvekkel. Winters rokonaink körét kibővíti a Niger-Kongó nyelvekkel, egyben rámutatva a dravidák afrikai eredetére is.

Winters 2
Négerekről, akik nem a hajófenékben érték el az újvilágot.
There are oral traditions and documentary evidence which support the early migration of the Mande people to Mexico, called the Olmecs by the Amerindians. The Olmecs probably called themselves Xi or Shi people.
In the center of the boat we find a large tree. This tree has seven branches and twelve roots. The seven branches probably indicates the seven major clans that form ed the Olmec nation. The twelve roots of the tree which extend into the waves of the ocean from the boat, probably signifies the "twelve roads through the sea" mentioned by Friar Diego de Landa.

Afrikai eredet
In India, millets have been found at Harappan sites dating to the 3rd millennium BC (Fuller et al, 2004). Weber (1998) claims that during Harappan times, African millets were integrated into the South Asian subsistence pattern.
Given the archaeological evidence for millets in the Sahara (Fuller, 2006; Winters, 1981a, 2000), leads to the corollary theory that if the Dravidians originated in Africa, they would share analogous terms for African plants cultivated in India, with African groups that formerly lived in the Sahara like the Niger-Congo speakers. This hypothesis is confirmed by the fact that Africans and Dravidian speakers share the same name for crops cultivated on both continents (Winters, 2000), and lexical items for many domesticated animals (Winters, 1999a, 1999b).
A "T-M70" allél gyakorisága a fulani (Afrika) nép között 18%. (Luis et all, 2004.) Ugyanez Indiában a gond törzsek esetében 10,81%, a dravida nyelvűeknél 11,1%. Ez közös eredetet sugall.

Bantu rokonság
Maori and the other Malayo-Polynesian languages are African and are related to Bantu and the Niger-Congo group. Bantu kumi "ten", Maori kumi "ten fathoms", Bantu pa "fire", Maori ahi (Malay api) "fire", Bantu N "drink", Maori inu (drink). The Maori singular and plural articles and possessives match singular and plural prefixes (e.g. 5 & 6) in Bantu. Indeed most of the Bantu noun prefixes can be identified in Maori.

Cushitic
Some lexical reduplications involving roots that have an r, l or s as final root consonant add an epenthetic homorganic nasal, buru-m-bur-moo ‘worm’, siili-n-siil-imoo ‘bird sp.’, giri-n-giri-t ‘be round’; and with CV- reduplication bo-m-boqoori ‘calabash for divination stones’, kwi-n-kwiisi ‘epilepsy’.
An example of infixation is the Iraqw plural formation _i for which the vowel ee is infixed before the final root consonant and the root is followed by a suffix i, e.g. digeemi ‘boundaries’ derived from digma.
For example Dhaasanac has plurals in -a(a)m: deger ‘barren’, plural: degeraam; kur ‘knee’, plural: kurr-am; fuoc-u ‘bride-wealth’, plural: fuoc-am. Dhaasanac lúa (f) ‘lions’, sg: luoc (m) ‘lion’, looti ‘lioness’ (Tosco 2001: 79);
In Iraqw the construct case is marked by a high tone on the final syllable of the head noun: afé-r mar'i /mouths:CON-F houses/ ‘doors’, murúu ‘ayma /things:M:CON eating/ ‘food’.
In Somali, numerals are the head of the noun phrase when they modify a noun, e.g. áfar naagóod /four.ABS women:GEN/ ‘four women’ (lit. four of women) (Saeed 1999: 70).

Digma = Boundary, iraqw language.
Iraqw is a Cushitic language spoken in Tanzania in the Arusha and Manyara Regions. Ez a Tanzániában beszélt nyelv lényegesen különbözik a Nilo-Hamitic és a Bantu nyelvektől. Ez az Usambara hegységben élő csoport a környéken az egyetlen kusita nyelvet beszélő. Határ= sorani:sinoor, örmény:sahman, mongol:hil. (Digma: Pireus része, település Ghanában.) Tagalog nyelv: siklab n. 1. flare; blaze; 2. spark. digma n. war; warfare; battle; fight. Messze van még az orosz határ..

West Semitic and South Arabian hykl or hykl goes back to Old Sumerian (§27.16), while kawkab, "star", attested already in Sabaic (kwkb), is based ultimately on the biconsonantal reduplicated root kabkab-, known from Amorite onomastics. Patterns with reduplicated root morphemes are attested in most Semitic languages, e.g. kabkab-, "star" in Amorite, changed into kakkabu(m) or 'kawkab > kokab in other languages; qaqqadu(m) < *qadqadu{m), "head" in Assyro-Babylonian; galgal, "wheel, globe", and sirsur, "broker", with vocalic dissimilation, in Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic; pirpira, "butterfly" in Neo-Aramaic; sansal < *sal$al, "chain" in Ge'ez.

A nagy ugrás

Urgo Name Meaning: Italian: according to Caracausi, a reduced variant of Gurgo, a topographic name with a variety of meanings, including 'vortex', 'whirlpool',
urgo (Italian) Verb Conjugation of urgere (first-person singular present indicative) To be urgent; to be needed urgently
Urgo Italian: according to Caracausi, a reduced variant of Gurgo, a topographic name with a variety of meanings, including ‘vortex’, ‘whirlpool’, ‘mill race’, ‘ditch where flax was put to soak’, ‘depression in which water collects’.

Ugro
Obstruent, nasal/C metathes applies when the obstruent or the nasal would otherwise occur in preconsonatal position as the result of vowel deletion, e.g. urgo (*ugro) ‘skinbag’, Harme (*Hamre) ‘shiver’. It fails to apply when the obstruent or the nasal would occur in prevocalic position after vowel deletion, e.g. Darge (*Dagre) ‘(I/he) be full’, adalme (*adamle) ‘(I/he) be ignorant’.

Ugar
ugar urgo *ugro ‘skinbag’
d'afar d'arfo *d'afro ‘cloth’
Cushitic
In Rendille there is consonant metathesis of the final consonant and the consonant of the preceding syllable plus vowel drop before the plural suffix -ó; the final consonants involved are r but also b and , e.g. baáb-o ® babó ‘armpits’, úta-o ® uktó ‘goatskins’, ugáro ® urgó ‘skinbags’ (Oomen 1981: 50).

Ci-ghany - Kopt
Said Bey evaluated the slander claiming Gypsies are direct descendance of Cin and Gan who have encest relationship and cursed by the God with those words: "This legend is out of humanity and out of Islam. We have to change this subhuman mentality." It's a terrible shame that "Cin-Gan" superstition is still alive among non-Gypsies today altough Said Bey suggested goverment to extinguish it 120 years ago.
It's said in the report that historical name of Gypsies is Kipti and popular name of Gypsies is Çingene (tsigani-Çigany). The Roma in Turkey are called as Cingene, Kipti, Pos¸a (in Eastern Anatolia), Mirti (in Hakkari, Mardin, Siirt and South part of Van), Kocer, Arabaci (the ones who use horse carriages) etc. German: Zin-Gari.

Nevek máshol - Tzigan
The name for this group varies s lightly from one local Balkan language to another; in Albanian especially the terms Magjyp ‘settled Gypsy’ and Gabel nomadic Gypsy are especially common. To this can be added terms such as Macedonian "Gjuptin", Greek "Giftos", and Turkish "Kipti”, which, like English "Gypsy", are all etymologically derived ultimately from Greek "Egyptos" ‘Egypt’.

A "kopt" népet mondják "kipt"-nek is. Lehet ennek köze az angol "kept"-hez ? ..és a jat nép a portás?

Afrika 1.rész.
Afrika 15.rész.

Pesti István 2014 január 3

Nyitóoldal